Evolutionary Origin and Phylogeography of the Diploid Obligate Parthenogen Artemia parthenogenetica (Branchiopoda Anostraca) 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Evolutionary Origin and Phylogeography of the Diploid Obligate Parthenogen Artemia parthenogenetica (Branchiopoda Anostraca) 英文参考文献.doc

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Evolutionary Origin and Phylogeography of the Diploid Obligate Parthenogen Artemia parthenogenetica (Branchiopoda Anostraca) 英文参考文献

EvolutionaryOriginandPhylogeographyoftheDiploid ObligateParthenogenArtemiaparthenogenetica (Branchiopoda:Anostraca) Joaqu?′nMun?oz1*.,AfricaGo′mez2.,AndyJ.Green1,JordiFiguerola1,FranciscoAmat3,CiroRico1 1Department ofWetland Ecology, Estacio′n Biolo′gica de Don?ana (CSIC), Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain, 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UnitedKingdom,3InstitutodeAcuiculturadeTorredelaSal(ConsejoSuperiordeInvestigacionesCient?′ficas),RiberadeCabanes(Castello′n),Spain Abstract Background:Understandingtheevolutionaryoriginandthephylogeographicpatternsofasexualtaxacanshedlightonthe originandmaintenanceofsexualreproduction.Weassessedthegeographicorigin,geneticdiversity,andphylogeographic historyofobligateparthenogendiploidArtemiaparthenogeneticapopulations,awidespreadhalophiliccrustacean. Methodology/Principal Findings: We analysed a partial sequence of the Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I mitochondrial gene from an extensive set of localities (including Eurasia, Africa, and Australia), and examined their phylogeographic patterns and the phylogenetic relationships of diploid A. parthenogenetica and its closest sexual relatives. Populations displayedanextremelylowlevelofmitochondrialgeneticdiversity,withonewidespreadhaplotypesharedbyover79%of individuals analysed. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses indicated a multiple and recent evolutionary origin of diploidA.parthenogenetica,andstronglysuggestedthatthegeographicoriginofparthenogenesisinArtemiawasinCentral Asia. Our results indicate that thematernal sexual ancestors of diploid A. parthenogenetica were an undescribed species fromKazakhstanandA.urmiana. Conclusions/Significance:WefoundevidenceformultipleoriginofparthenogenesisinCentralAsia.Ourresultsindicated that,shortlyafteritsorigin,diploidA.parthenogeneticapopulationsunderwentarapidrangeexpansionfromCentralAsia towardstheMediterraneanregion,andprobablytotherestofitscurrentgeographicdistribution.Thiscontrastswiththe restrictedgeo