Expanding the Paradigms of Plant Pathogen Life History and Evolution of Parasitic Fitness beyond Agricultural Boundaries 英文参考文献.docVIP

Opinion ExpandingtheParadigmsofPlantPathogenLifeHistory andEvolutionofParasiticFitnessbeyondAgricultural Boundaries CindyE.Morris1,2*,MarcBardin1,LindaL.Kinkel3,BenoitMoury1,PhilippeC.Nicot1,DavidC.Sands2 1INRA, Unite′ de Pathologie Ve′ge′tale UR407, Montfavet, France, 2Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofPlantPathology,UniversityofMinnesota,St.Paul,Minnesota,UnitedStatesofAmerica Introduction mittedamonghumansthathavenoother known reservoirs for multiplication. Ty- phoid fever, smallpox, and certain vene- realdiseasesareexamples.Zoonoses,such as rabies, lyme disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and avian and swine influenzas, are transmitted to humans from living animals. Sapronoses are diseases transmitted to humans from environmental reservoirs where the path- ogen thrives saprophytically. These habi- tatsincludesoil,water,anddecayingplant and animal matter. Examples include Legionnaire’s disease, cholera, aspergillo- sis,andtheemergingepidemicsofmelioi- virulence traits via their resistance to predation by amoebae. This resistance, associated with the ability to grow inside theamoebae—whichareessentiallyalter- nate hosts—has likely led to the selection oftraitsconferringsurvivalinmacrophag- es[7].Resistancetomacrophagesinvolves the capacity of the bacteria to resist or debilitate the macrophage’s phagosomes andtomultiplyinthecytoplasm.Manyof thetraitsessentialforvirulencetohumans likewise seem toplay rolesin adaption to theenvironmentswheretheorganismsare saprophytes (Table 1). These traits have dual roles in environmental and parasitic fitness and are thus referred to as ‘‘dual- use traits’’. Melanins, siderophores, and the capacity to form biofilms are among thefrequentlycitedexamples.C.neoformans provides one of the richest examples of dual-use traits. This fungus, frequently found in soils that contain high levels of bird guano and in association