Genetic Diversity and Microevolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the Environment 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Genetic Diversity and Microevolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the Environment 英文参考文献.doc

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Genetic Diversity and Microevolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the Environment 英文参考文献

GeneticDiversityandMicroevolutionofBurkholderia pseudomalleiintheEnvironment NarisaraChantratita1.,VanapornWuthiekanun1.,DirekLimmathurotsakul1,MongkolVesaratchavest1, AunchaleeThanwisai1,PremjitAmornchai1,SarinnaTumapa1,EdwardJ.Feil2,NicholasP.Day1,3, SharonJ.Peacock1,3 * 1Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2Department of Biology and Biochemistry, UniversityofBath,Bath,UnitedKingdom,3CenterforClinicalVaccinologyandTropicalMedicine,NuffieldDepartmentofClinicalMedicine,UniversityofOxford,Churchill Hospital,Oxford,UnitedKingdom Abstract Background:ThesoildwellingGram-negativepathogenBurkholderiapseudomalleiisthecauseofmelioidosis.Thediversity andpopulationstructureofthisorganismintheenvironmentispoorlydefined. MethodsandFindings:WeundertookastudyofB.pseudomalleiinsoilsampledfrom100equallyspacedpointswithin 237.5m2ofdisusedlandinnortheastThailand.B.pseudomalleiwaspresentondirectcultureof77/100samplingpoints. Genotypingof200primaryplatecoloniesfromthreeindependentsamplingpointswasperformedusingacombinationof pulsedfieldgelelectrophoresis(PFGE)andmultilocussequencetyping(MLST).TwelvePFGEtypesandninesequencetypes (STs)wereidentified,themajorityofwhichwerepresentatonlyasinglesamplingpoint.Twosamplingpointscontained fourSTsandthethirdpointcontainedthreeSTs.Althoughthedistancebetweenthethreesamplingpointswaslow(7.6, 7.9,and13.3meters,respectively),onlytwoSTswerepresentinmorethanonesamplingpoint.Eachofthethreesamples was characterized by the localized expansion of a single B. pseudomallei clone (corresponding to STs 185, 163, and 93). Comparison ofPFGEandMLSTresults demonstratedthattwoSTscontainedstrainswithvariablePFGEbandingpattern types,indicatinggeographicstructuringevenwithinasingleMLST-definedclone. Conclusions: We discuss the implications of this extreme structuring of genotype and genotypic frequency in terms of micro-evolutionarydynamicsandecology,andhowourresultsmayinformfuturesampl