Movements of Wolves at the Northern Extreme of the Species Range, Including during Four Months of Darkness 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Movements of Wolves at the Northern Extreme of the Species Range, Including during Four Months of Darkness 英文参考文献.doc

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Movements of Wolves at the Northern Extreme of the Species Range, Including during Four Months of Darkness 英文参考文献

MovementsofWolvesattheNorthernExtremeofthe Species’Range,IncludingduringFourMonthsof Darkness L.DavidMech1*¤,H.DeanCluff2 1Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Jamestown, North Dakota, United States of America, 2Department of Environment and Natural Resources,GovernmentoftheNorthwestTerritories,Yellowknife,NorthwestTerritories,Canada Abstract Information aboutwolf (Canislupus) movementsanywherenearthenorthernextremeof thespecies’rangein theHigh Arctic (.75uN latitude) are lacking. There, wolves prey primarily on muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and must survive 4 monthsof24hr/daywinterdarknessandtemperaturesreaching253C.Theextenttowhichwolvesremainactiveandprey onmuskoxenduringthedarkperiodareunknown,fortheclosestareawhereinformationisavailableaboutwinterwolf movementsis.2,250kmsouth.Westudiedapackof$20wolvesonEllesmereIsland,Nunavut,Canada(80uNlatitude) fromJuly2009throughmid-April2010bycollaringaleadwolfwithaGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)/Argosradiocollar. Thecollarrecordedthewolf’spreciselocationsat6:00a.m.and6:00p.m.dailyandtransmittedthelocationsbysatelliteto our email. Straight-line distances between consecutive 12-hr locations varied between 0 and 76km. Mean (SE) linear distancebetweenconsecutivelocations(n=554)was11(0.5)km.Totalminimumdistancetraveledwas5,979km,andtotal area covered was 6,640km2, the largest wolf range reported. The wolf and presumably his pack once made a 263-km (straight-linedistance)foraytothesoutheastduring19–28January2010,returning29Januaryto1Februaryatanaverage of41km/daystraight-linedistancesbetween12-hrlocations.Thisstudyproducedthefirstdetailedmovementinformation aboutanylargemammalintheHighArctic,andtheaveragemovementsduringthedarkperioddidnotdifferfromthose afterwards.Wolfmovementsduringthedarkperiodinthehighestlatitudesmatchthoseoftheotherseasonsandgenerally thoseofwolvesinlowerlatitudes,and,atleastwiththegrossmovementsmeasurablebyourmethods,the4-monthperiod withoutdirectsunlightproducedlittlechangeinmo