Orientation of Mitotic Spindles during the 8- to 16-Cell Stage Transition in Mouse Embryos 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Orientation of Mitotic Spindles during the 8- to 16-Cell Stage Transition in Mouse Embryos 英文参考文献.doc

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Orientation of Mitotic Spindles during the 8- to 16-Cell Stage Transition in Mouse Embryos 英文参考文献

OrientationofMitoticSpindlesduringthe8-to16-Cell StageTransitioninMouseEmbryos NicolasDard1,2*,SophieLouvet-Valle′e1,2,BernardMaro3,4 1CNRS, UMR7622 - Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du De′veloppement, Paris, France, 2UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR7622 - Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du De′veloppement,Paris,France,3CNRS,Paris,France,4SacklerFacultyofMedicine,TelAvivUniversity,RamatAviv,Israel Abstract Background: Asymmetric cell divisions are involved in the divergence of the first two lineages of the pre-implantation mouse embryo. They first take place after cell polarization (during compaction) at the 8-cell stage. It is thought that, in contrasttomanyspecies,spindleorientationisrandom,althoughthereisnodirectevidenceforthis. Methodology/Principal Findings: Tubulin-GFP and live imaging with a spinning disk confocal microscope were used to directlystudyspindleorientationinwholeembryosundergoingthe8-to16-cellstagetransition.Thisapproachallowedus todeterminethatthereisnopredeterminedcleavagepatternin8-cellcompactedmouseembryosandthatmitoticspindle orientationinliveembryoisonlymodulatedbytheextentofcellroundingupduringmitosis. Conclusions:Theseresultsclearlydemonstratethatspindleorientationisnotcontrolledatthe8-to16-celltransition,but influencedbycellbulgingduringmitosis,thusreinforcingtheideathatpre-implantationdevelopmentishighlyregulative andnotpre-patterned. Citation:DardN,Louvet-Valle′e S,MaroB(2009)OrientationofMitoticSpindlesduringthe8-to16-CellStageTransitioninMouseEmbryos.PLoSONE4(12): e8171.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008171 Editor:RobertAlanArkowitz,CNRSUMR6543-Universite′ deNice-SophiaAntipolis,France ReceivedSeptember2,2009;AcceptedNovember12,2009;PublishedDecember4,2009 Copyright: ? 2009 Dard et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding: This work was supported