竞技体操专长发展研究——美国优秀竞技体操运动员从新手到专家的发展过程.pdfVIP

文章编号: 1002-9826(2013)01-0078-06 层出( 竞技体操专长发展研究 一一美国优秀竞技体操运动员从新手到专家的发展过程 Expertise Acquisition in Artistic Gymnastics -The Developmental Process of Being Elite Gymnast from Novice in the United States of America 王雁 WANG Yan 摘 要:在专家表现获得理论的研究框架下，采用问卷调查、访谈等研究方法对 18 名美国优 秀竞技体操运动员从新手到专家的过程进行了调查分析。研究结果显示，美国优秀竞技体 操运动员专长发展过程需 10 年以上、经历 3 个阶段、开始训练早，起始表现水乎较高、累积 训练时间超过10000 h，训练时间随专长发展增加。研究还对竞技体操专长发展过程中的天 赋及性别差异问题进行了讨论。 关键词:体操;优秀运动员;专长发展;美国 Abs仕act :Within the theoretical framework of expert performance , 18 American elite g严rmasts were studied. Structured questionnaire and interview were used to collect retrospective informa- tion on g严nnasts developmental process of being elite g归nnast from novice. The findings of this study showed that longer than 10 years training experience with three different phases ,and more than 10000 accumulated training hours were required for being an elite g归nnast from novice in the United States. Earlier initial involvement with better performance , increased a- mount of deliberate practice with the expertise development were observed characteristics of the developmental process of being elite status ,as well. Gift and gender difference in expertise ac- quisition of artistic gymnastics are discussed. Key wor由:gy7ηnastics; elite athlete ; exρertise develo户ηent ; United Sωtes 0 f America 中图分类号:G832 文献标识码:A 1 前言 的、特殊的训练活动。作为一个高度组织化的实践活动， 专长研究始于 Simon 和 Chase (1 973) 对世界级国际象 刻意训练的目标是发展、提高专业表现水平。特定