Manufacturing Epidemics The Role of Global Producers in Increased Consumption of Unhealthy Commodities Including Processed Foods, Alcohol, and Tobacco 英文参考文献.docVIP

PolicyForum ManufacturingEpidemics:TheRoleofGlobalProducers inIncreasedConsumptionofUnhealthyCommodities IncludingProcessedFoods,Alcohol,andTobacco DavidStuckler1,2,3*,MartinMcKee2,ShahEbrahim3,SanjayBasu2,4,5 1Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine,London,UnitedKingdom,3SouthAsianChronicDiseaseNetwork,PublicHealthFoundationofIndia,NewDelhi,India,4DepartmentofMedicine,Universityof California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 5Division of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California,UnitedStatesofAmerica This article was commissioned for the PLoSMedicineseriesonBigFoodthat examinestheactivitiesandinfluenceofthe food and beverage industry in the health arena. consumption of unhealthy foods, as risks initiallymostprevalentamongthewealth- iestshifttoandbecomeembeddedamong the lowest-income groups [5,6,7]. Para- doxically, these findings indicate that poverty, not higher income, may be a key risk factor for consumption of un- healthycommodities. netprofitmargins,forexample,areabout one-quarteroftheretailprice,makingsoft drink production, alongside tobacco pro- duction,amongthemostprofitableindus- trial activities in the world. Indeed, transnational corporations that manufac- ture and market unhealthy food and beverage commodities, including Coca- Cola, PepsiCo, and Cadbury Schweppes, are among the leading vectors for the global spread of NCD risks [12,13,14]. Increasingly,theytargetdevelopingcoun- tries’ markets as a major area for expan- sion[15,16,17]. Introduction To understand why people are choos- ing to consume unhealthy commodities, it is necessary to study the transforma- tions toeconomic andsocial systems that are favouring their increasing availability and affordability. Previous research had focused on the role played by urbanisa- ‘‘Unhealthy commodities’’—soft d