Snake Envenoming A Disease of Poverty 英文参考文献.docVIP

SnakeEnvenoming:ADiseaseofPoverty RobertA.Harrison*,AdamHargreaves,SimonC.Wagstaff,BrianFaragher,DavidG.Lalloo LiverpoolSchoolofTropicalMedicine,Liverpool,UnitedKingdom Abstract Background:Mostepidemiologicalandclinicalreportsonsnakeenvenomingfocusonasinglecountryanddescriberural communitiesasbeingatgreatestrisk.Reportslinkingsnakebitevulnerabilitytosocioeconomicstatusareusuallylimitedto anecdotalstatements.ThefewreportswithaglobalperspectivehaveidentifiedthetropicalregionsofAsiaandAfricaas suffering the highest levels of snakebite-induced mortality. Our analysis examined the association between globally availabledataonsnakebite-inducedmortalityandsocioeconomicindicatorsofpoverty. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Weacquireddataon(i)theHumanDevelopmentIndex,(ii)thePerCapitaGovernment Expenditure on Health, (iii) the Percentage LabourForce in Agriculture and(iv)Gross Domestic Product PerCapita from publiclyavailabledatabasesonthe138countriesforwhichsnakebite-inducedmortalityrateshaverecentlybeenestimated. The socioeconomic datasets were then plotted against the snakebite-induced mortality estimates (where both datasets wereavailable)andtherelationshipdetermined.Eachanalysisillustratedastrongassociationbetweensnakebite-induced mortalityandpoverty. Conclusions/Significance:Thisstudy,thefirstofitskind,unequivocallydemonstratesthatsnakeenvenomingisadiseaseof the poor. The negative association between snakebite deaths and government expenditure on health confirms that the burdenofmortalityishighestinthosecountriesleastabletodealwiththeconsiderablefinancialcostofsnakebite. Citation: Harrison RA, Hargreaves A, Wagstaff SC, Faragher B, Lalloo DG (2009) Snake Envenoming: A Disease of Poverty. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3(12): e569. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000569 Editor:JulianWhite,Women’sandChildren’sHospital,Australia ReceivedAugust19,2009;AcceptedNovember9,2009;PublishedDecember22,2009 Copyright: ? 2009 Harrison et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of t