Some Causes of the Variable Shape of Flocks of Birds 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Some Causes of the Variable Shape of Flocks of Birds 英文参考文献.doc

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Some Causes of the Variable Shape of Flocks of Birds 英文参考文献

SomeCausesoftheVariableShapeofFlocksofBirds CharlotteK.Hemelrijk*,HannoHildenbrandt BehaviouralEcologyandSelf-Organisation,CentreforEcologicalandEvolutionaryStudies,UniversityofGroningen,Groningen,TheNetherlands Abstract Flocksofbirdsarehighlyvariableinshapeinallcontexts(whiletravelling,avoidingpredation,wheelingabovetheroost). Particularlyamazinginthisrespectaretheaerialdisplaysofhugeflocksofstarlings(Sturnusvulgaris)abovethesleepingsite atdawn.Thecausesofthisvariabilityarehardlyknown,however.Herewehypothesisethatvariabilityofshapeincreases whentherearelargerlocaldifferencesinmovementbehaviourintheflock.Weinvestigatethishypothesiswiththehelpof a model of the self-organisation of travelling groups, called StarDisplay, since such a model has also increased our understandingofwhatcausestheoblongshapeofschoolsoffish.Theflockingpatternsinthemodelprovetoresemble thoseofrealbirds,inparticularofstarlingsandrockdoves.Astoshape,wemeasuretherelativeproportionsoftheflockin severalways,whicheitherdependonthedirectionofmovementordonot.Weconfirmthatflockshapeisusuallymore variablewhenlocaldifferencesinmovementintheflockarelarger.Thishappenswhena)flocksizeislarger,b)interacting partnersarefewer,c)theflockturningsarestronger,andd)individualsrollintotheturn.Incontrasttoourexpectations, whenvariabilityofspeedintheflockishigher,flockshapeandthepositionsofmembersintheflockaremorestatic.We explainthisandindicatetheadaptivevalueoflowvariabilityofspeedandspatialrestriction ofinteractionanddevelop testablehypotheses. Citation:HemelrijkCK,HildenbrandtH(2011)SomeCausesoftheVariableShapeofFlocksofBirds.PLoSONE6(8):e22479.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022479 Editor:Jo¨rgLangowski,GermanCancerResearchCenter,Germany ReceivedApril21,2011;AcceptedJune22,2011;PublishedAugust4,2011 Copyright: ? 2011 Hemelrijk, Hildenbrandt. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium