Song Practice Promotes Acute Vocal Variability at a Key Stage of Sensorimotor Learning 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Song Practice Promotes Acute Vocal Variability at a Key Stage of Sensorimotor Learning 英文参考文献.doc

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Song Practice Promotes Acute Vocal Variability at a Key Stage of Sensorimotor Learning 英文参考文献

SongPracticePromotesAcuteVocalVariabilityataKey StageofSensorimotorLearning JulieE.Miller1,AustinT.Hilliard1,2,StephanieA.White1,2 * 1Department of Physiological Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, 2Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience,UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles,LosAngeles,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Trialbytrialvariabilityduringmotorlearningisafeatureencodedbythebasalgangliaofbothhumansand songbirds, and is important for reinforcement of optimal motor patterns, including those that produce speech and birdsong. Given the many parallels between these behaviors, songbirds provide a useful model to investigate neural mechanismsunderlyingvocallearning.Injuvenileandadultmalezebrafinches,endogenouslevelsofFoxP2,amolecule critical for language, decrease two hours after morning song onset within area X, part of the basal ganglia-forebrain pathwaydedicatedtosong.Injuveniles,experimental‘knockdown’ofareaXFoxP2resultsinabnormallyvariablesongin adulthood.ThesefindingsmotivatedourhypothesisthatlowFoxP2levelsincreasevocalvariability,enablingvocalmotor explorationinnormalbirds. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Aftertwohoursineithersingingornon-singingconditions(previouslyshowntoproduce differential area X FoxP2 levels), phonological and sequential features of the subsequent songs were compared across conditionsinthesamebird.Inlinewithourprediction,analysisofsongssungby75day(75d)birdsrevealedthatsyllable structurewasmorevariableandsequencestereotypywasreducedfollowingtwohoursofcontinuouspracticecomparedto these features following two hours of non-singing. Similar trends in song were observed in these birds at 65d, despite higheroverallwithin-conditionvariabilityatthisage. Conclusions/Significance: Together with previous work, these findings point to the importance of behaviorally-driven acute periods during song learning that allow for both refinement and reinforcement of motor patterns