Sunglint Detection for Unmanned and Automated Platforms 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2012, 12, 12545-12561; doi:10.3390/s120912545 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Sunglint Detection for Unmanned and Automated Platforms Shungudzemwoyo Pascal Garaba 1,*, Jan Schulz 1, Marcel Robert Wernand 2 and Oliver Zielinski 1 1 Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment—Terramare, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstraβe 1, Wilhelmshaven 26382, Germany; E-Mails: jan.schulz@uni-oldenburg.de (J.S.); oliver.zielinski@uni-oldenburg.de (O.Z.) 2 Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Physical Oceanography, Marine Optics Remote Sensing, P.O. Box 59, Den Burg, Texel 1790AB, The Netherlands; E-Mail: marcel.wernand@nioz.nl * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: shungu.garaba@uni-oldenburg.de; Tel.: +49-4421-778-5817; Fax: +49-4421-778-5823. Received: 14 July 2012; in revised form: 20 August 2012 / Accepted: 29 August 2012 / Published: 13 September 2012 Abstract: We present an empirical quality control protocol for above-water radiometric sampling focussing on identifying sunglint situations. Using hyperspectral radiometers, measurements were taken on an automated and unmanned seaborne platform in northwest European shelf seas. In parallel, a camera system was used to capture sea surface and sky images of the investigated points. The quality control consists of meteorological flags, to mask dusk, dawn, precipitation and low light conditions, utilizing incoming solar irradiance (ES) spectra. Using 629 from a total of 3,121 spectral measurements that passed the test conditions of the meteorological flagging, a new sunglint flag was developed. To predict sunglint conspicuous in the simultaneously available sea surface images a sunglint image detection algorithm was developed and implemented. Applying this algorithm, two sets of data, one with (having too much or detectable white pixels or sunglint) and one without su