Variation in rates of early development in Haliotis asinina generate competent larvae of different ages 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Variation in rates of early development in Haliotis asinina generate competent larvae of different ages 英文参考文献.doc

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Variation in rates of early development in Haliotis asinina generate competent larvae of different ages 英文参考文献

Jacksonetal.FrontiersinZoology2012,9:2 /content/9/1/2 RESEARCH OpenAccess Variationinratesofearlydevelopmentin Haliotisasininageneratecompetentlarvae ofdifferentages DanielJJackson1,2*,SandieMDegnan1andBernardMDegnan1 Abstract Introduction:Inter-specificcomparisonsofmetazoandevelopmentalmechanismshaveprovidedawealthofdata concerningtheevolutionofbodyformandthegenerationofmorphologicalnovelty.Conversely,studiesofintra- specificvariationindevelopmentalprogramsarefarfewer.Variationintherateofdevelopmentmaybean advantagetothemanymarineinvertebratesthatpossesabiphasiclifecycle,wherefitnesscommonlyrequiresthe recruitmentofplanktonicallydispersinglarvaetopatchilydistributedbenthicenvironments. Results:Wehavecharacteriseddifferencesintherateofdevelopmentbetweenindividualsoriginatingfroma synchronisedfertilisationeventinthetropicalabaloneHaliotisasinina,abroadcastspawninglecithotrophic vetigastropod.Weobservedsignificantdifferencesinthetimetakentocompleteearlydevelopmentalevents(time takentocompletethirdcleavageandtohatchfromthevitellineenvelope),mid-larvalevents(variationinlarval shelldevelopment)andlatelarvalevents(theacquisitionofcompetencetorespondtoametamorphosisinducing cue).Wealsoprovideestimatesofthevariationinmaternallyprovidedenergyreservesthatsuggestmaternal provisioningisunlikelytoexplainthemajorityofthevariationindevelopmentalratewereporthere. Conclusions:Significantdifferencesintheratesofdevelopmentexistbothwithinandbetweencohortsof synchronouslyfertilisedH.asininagametes.Thesedifferencescanbedetectedshortlyafterfertilisationand generatelarvaeofincreasinglydivergentdevelopmentstates.Wediscussthesignificanceofourresultswithinan ecologicalcontext,theadaptivesignificanceofmechanismsthatmightmaintainthisvariation,andpotential sourcesofthisvariation. Keywords:Developmentalvariation,Developmentaltiming,Invertebrate,Competence,Heterochrony,Metamor- phosis,Dispersal,Plankton,Larva Introduction planktonically dispersing larvae), wefrequently observe The study and comp