Virulence of mixed fungal infections in honey bee brood 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Virulence of mixed fungal infections in honey bee brood 英文参考文献.doc

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Virulence of mixed fungal infections in honey bee brood 英文参考文献

Vojvodicetal.FrontiersinZoology2012,9:5 /content/9/1/5 RESEARCH OpenAccess Virulenceofmixedfungalinfectionsinhoney beebrood SvjetlanaVojvodic1,2*,JacobusJBoomsma3,J?rgenEilenberg1andAnnetteBJensen1 Abstract Introduction:Honeybees,Apismellifera,haveadiversecommunityofpathogens.Previousresearchhasmostly focusedonbacterialbrooddiseasesofhighvirulence,butmilderdiseasescausedbyfungalpathogenshave recentlyattractedmoreattention.Thisinteresthasbeentriggeredbypartialevidencethatco-infectionwith multiplepathogenshasthepotentialtoacceleratehoneybeemortality.Inthepresentstudywetestedwhether co-infectionwithcloselyrelatedfungalbrood-pathogenspeciesthatareeitherspecialistsornon-specialistresults inhigherhostmortalitythaninfectionswithasinglespecialist.Weusedaspeciallydesignedlaboratoryassayto exposehoneybeelarvaetocontrolledinfectionswithsporesofthreeAscosphaeraspecies:A.apis,thespecialist pathogenthatcauseschalkbrooddiseaseinhoneybees,A.proliperda,aspecialistpathogenthatcauseschalkbrood diseaseinsolitarybees,andA.atra,asaprophyticfungusgrowingtypicallyonpollenbrood-provisionmassesof solitarybees. Results:WeshowforthefirsttimethatsingleinfectionwithapollenfungusA.atramayinducesomemortality andthatco-infectionwithA.atraandA.apisresultedinhighermortalityofhoneybeescomparedtosingle infectionswithA.apis.However,similarsingleandmixedinfectionswithA.proliperdadidnotincreasebrood mortality. Conclusion:Ourresultsshowthatco-infectionwithacloselyrelatedfungalspeciescaneitherincreaseorhaveno effectonhostmortality,dependingontheidentityofthesecondspecies.Togetherwithotherstudiessuggesting thatmultipleinteractingpathogensmaybecontributingtoworldwidehoneybeehealthdeclines,ourresults highlighttheimportanceofstudyingeffectsofmultipleinfections,evenwhenallinteractingspeciesarenot knowntobespecialistpathogens. Keywords:Apismellifera,Ascosphaera,Competition,Mixedinfections,Virulence Introduction infections with bacteria Pasteuria ramosa and micro- Variationinvirulence(i.e.disease-inducedhostmort