高血压社区干预实用技巧-培训课件.pptVIP

* 在临床就诊和随访中，通过对患者一对一的教育和咨询，能够强化个体行为改变意向。同样，群体性教育，如母亲课堂或社区外展项目也能达到效果。 每个关键策略都为卫生工作者提供了相应的干预方法。确保这些技能与顾客深入联系，就能帮助他们改变和保持良好的健康行为。 * 无论你是只有一名干预对象，或是有一群母亲、父亲、孩子或家庭这样的干预对象，重要的是要掌握能影响他们理解和接受你所教给他们的概念知识的因素。尽管知识是必需的，但还不足以导致行为改变。 * 例如，有人参加健康教育培训，希望能获得免费药品或其他好处，但一旦发现什么也得不到时，就会厌烦，对培训不感兴趣。所以，在培训开始前，找出人们的期望值很重要，同时，让他们知道从培训中能获得什么。 例如，糖尿病孕妇，她不能依从膳食处方，不是因为她不想做，而是因为她不掌管家中的饭菜烹调。她可能和掌管食物准备、烹调的婆婆生活在一起。因此，不要只对孕妇教育，最好对家庭成员进行健康教育。让他们认识到存在的问题，并指出总体改变食品准备的方法，以利他们对医生的实施建议采取行动。 * 例如，一个计划戒烟的人需要戒烟技术和如何实施的信息，而不是吸烟危害的信息。 * Withdrawal symptoms are a collection of signs and symptoms caused by abstinence or decrease in the use of a drug to which there has been physiological adaptation. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms are physiological. Their origins are found directly in altered central nervous system neurons.1 Symptoms occur when nicotine is suddenly removed from the increased number of nicotine receptor sites present in the smoker’s brain. These nicotine withdrawal symptoms, even though they may be severe and incapacitating, are completely relieved within minutes of smoking just one cigarette.1 Research data suggest that withdrawal symptoms among adolescent smokers are similar to those found in adults. A study conducted with over 2,000 high school students in California showed that the most common withdrawal symptoms were craving (45.4%), nervousness and tension (31.8%), restlessness (29.4%) and irritability (28.7%). Over one-third of those who reported withdrawal symptoms had more than two symptoms. There were no gender differences.2 Research has shown that abrupt discontinuance of cigarette smoking (cold turkey) produces: increased electroencephalogram (EEG) synchrony decreased alpha and beta frequencies increased alpha and theta power. These EEG alterations are accompanied by the slowing of cognitive performance and difficulty concentrating. Using one piece of 2 mg nicotine gum reverses these EEG changes and cognitive deficits.1 References: 1. Sachs DPL. Tobacco dependence: pathophysiolo