海洋病毒_Viruses manipulate the marine environment.ppt

NATURE|Vol 459|14 May 2009|doi:10.1038/nature08060 Marine virology Marine virology has traditionally focused on two areas: viruses as pathogens of aquatic organisms （病原体） phage-driven dynamics of the marine microbial food web（噬菌体） Forest Rohwer Rebecca Vega Thurber, Nature, 2009 Viruses: Shunt and Pump C:N:P The material that is exported to deeper waters by the viral shunt is probably more carbon rich than the material from which it was derived. This would increase the efficiency of the biological pump Curtis A. Suttle, Nature Reviews, 2007 Viral Diversity Curtis A. Suttle, Nature Reviews, 2007 Relative biomass and abundances of prokaryotes, protists and viruses Viral Diversity Difficult to measure: viruses do not have a universally conserved gene like the ribosomal DNA genes in cellular organisms most viral hosts are difficult to culture Methods: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (脉冲电场凝胶电泳) or shotgun sequencing （鸟枪法测序） Diversity: there are more than 5,000 viral genotypes or species in 100 litres of sea water, and up to 1 million species in 1 kg of marine sediment Recently discovered marine viruses C: a coccolithophore important for marine primary production and nutrient recycling, and the E. huxleyi -like virus that causes boom-and-bust cycles and alters the life stages of its host Effects of marine viruses on their hosts generalized transducing agents only carry host DNA transfer genetic material obtained from a previous host from its own genome 球石藻 细胞溶解 genetic drift Evolution PSII photosystem II 双倍体 单倍体 cyanophage-encoded“auxiliary metabolic genes” Infecting viruses often carry genes for photosystem II proteins ( psbA , psbD ), transaldolase (talC ), ribonucleotide reductase ( nrdJ ), and biosynthetic enzymes for making B12 ( cobS). When expressed during infection, these genes may augment key steps in cellular metabolism, opening potential bottlenecks to increase nucleotide production, virus genomic DNA replic