语法I 讲义 全.doc

Introduction What does grammar study? Grammar is the formal study of the structure of a language and describes how words fit together in meaningful constructions. Grammar (morphology词法 + syntax句法) Grammatical hierarchy: morpheme词素，word, phrase, clause, sentence 1. Morpheme词素 The smallest grammatical unit. The smallest meaningful element of speech. 1.1 Free morpheme自由词素 Eg. Boy, desk, kind, give (1)可充当词根，加上词缀后，构成派生词。 Kind kindly, kindness, unkind (2)可与其他自由词素结合，构成复合词。 Book bookshelf, bookworm, bookshop, bookmark 1.2 bound morpheme粘附词素 (1) Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Eg. –s –es –’s -ed -ing -er -est (2) Derivational affix 派生词缀 Prefix: anti-, post-, co-, pan-, in- Suffix: -less, - ness, -ence, -ment 2. Word 2.1 Word classification in terms of word-formation (1) Simple word 简单词= 1 free morpheme (2) Derivative word 派生词=root + derivational affix Eg. discontent, counterattack, pro-Chinese, subway (3) Compound word 复合词= 2 or more free morphemes. Eg. Deadline, world-famous, something, spotlight, slongside 2.2 Word classification in terms of grammatical function (parts of speech) (1) Notional words实意词 Noun (n.) Pronoun (pron.) Numeral (num.) Adjective (adj.) Verb (v.) Adverb (adv.) (2) Form words虚词 Article (art.) Preposition (prep.) Conjunction (conj.) Interjection (interj.) Note: Determiners 限定词: 放在名词前帮助说明词义的词。 Eg. 冠词 a, an, the 物主代词 my, your, his 用作定语的某些不定代词 some, any, many, little, few, both, each 用作定语的指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词等 this, what, whose, whatever。 2.2.1 Different parts of speech for the same word Eg 1. After It is easy to be wise after the event. I will tell them the news after you leave. A moment after there was a knock at his door. In after years I became familiar with it. Eg 2. double He again did double work that day. The price of vegetables has been doubled because of the weather. Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei won the mixed double. Many things now cost double what they did a year ago. Eg 3. round In the middle was a round table. She looked round her in ast