语言与性别差异.ppt

asked the vast majority of questions: 263 out of a total of 370. This may reflect womens relative weakness in interactive situations: they exploit questions and answers in order to force a response and keep the conversation going. Women are much more likely to use minimal responses (e.g. yeah or mhm,) to signal their active involvement in the conversation and to support the current speaker (Fishman 1980a; Coates 1989; 1991). In mixed-sex conversations men interrupt women more, with the result that women are less able to complete their turns at talk and tend to talk less. As a result, men tend to dominate topics of conversation and women tend to take on the role of listener. Powerful and Powerless Language The following ten features have been identified as Womens Language (based on: Lakoff 1975): 1. Hedges, e.g. sort of; kind of, I guess; 2. (Super) polite forms e.g. would you please...Id really appreciate it if:.., 3. Tag questions; 4. Speaking in italics, e.g. emphatic so and very, intonational language; 5. Empty adjectives, e.g. charming, sweet, adorable; 6. Hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation; 7. Lack of a sense of humour e.g. poor at telling jokes; 8. Direct quotations, e.g. Hannah said that he said...; 9. Special vocabulary, e.g. specialised colour terms like Dove grey; 10. Question intonation in declarative contexts. Text Attack Misunderstanding Between Men and women Background to Text 1 There is more and more linguistic literature on sex difference in language use as a result of socio-linguistic studies. Most studies, however, show that the difference lies in such dimensions of language as phonological, lexical and grammatical levels. Nowadays more interest is shown in verbal behaviour in communication between men and women, particularly in cross-sex communication. It has been observed that in conversations involving members of both sexes men speak more than women do. When men talk to men, the topics are around competition and teasing, sports, aggres