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Using existing systems to supplement small amounts of annotated grammatical relations training data ∗ Alexander Yeh Mitre Corp. 202 Burlington Rd. Bedford, MA 01730 USA asy@ Abstract etc. GRs are the ob jects of study in rela- tional grammar (Perlmutter, 1983). In the Grammatical relationships (GRs) SPARKLE pro ject (Carroll et al., 1997), GRs form an imp ortant level of natu- form the top layer of a three layer syntax ral language pro cessing, but dier- scheme. Many systems (e.g., the KERNEL ent sets of GRs are useful for dier- system (Palmer et al., 1993)) use GRs as an ent purp oses. Therefore, one may of- intermediate form when determining the se- ten only have time to obtain a small mantics of syntactically parsed text. GRs are training corpus with the desired GR often stored in structures similar to the F- annotations. To b o ost the p erfor- structures of lexical-functional grammar (Ka- mance from using such a small train- plan, 1994). ing corpus on a transformation rule A complication is that dierent sets of GRs learner, we use existing systems that are useful for dierent purp oses. For exam- nd related typ es of annotations. ple, Ferro et al. (1999 ) is interested in seman-