大学英语第一课课件.pptVIP

Unit 1 Text A What Is a Decision? What is a decision?决策是什么? A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 决策即是从几种可行的行为中做出选择. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. 决策的目的是为了建立和达到组织的目标. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, 决策的原因是存在着问题, goals or objectives are wrong 目标有误, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 或有某种东西妨碍着它的实现. Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. 因此决策的过程对于管理是必不可和的. almost everything a manager does involves decisions, 几乎管理者所做的所有事情都涉及到决策. indeed, some suggest that the management process is decisions making. 确实,有人认为管理过程就是决策过程. Although managers cannot predict the future, 虽然管理者不能预测未来, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. 但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be 通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测, and try to leave as little as possible to chance, 从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生. but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. 但因为总存在着不确定性,所以风险常伴随着决策. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; 有时候不明知的决策的结果没什么大不了的, at other times they are serious. 有时却非常严重. Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. 选择就是从可供选择的事物中进行选择的机会. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. 如果没有选择,就不会有决策. Decision making is the process of choosing, 决策是选择的过程, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. 许多决策有很广的可选范围. For example, 例如: a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses, 为了完成得到大学学位的决策, in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. 一个学生可以从许多不同的课程中选择. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, 对管理者来说,每次决策都受到政策, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. 程序,法律,惯例等等因素的制约. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization. 这些制约存在于各级组织中. Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. 供选择的