碱金属.（Alkali metal.）.docVIP

碱金属.（Alkali metal.） One. Existence and preparation 1. There are Because the chemical properties of alkali metals are very active, they exist in the natural world. In alkali metals, sodium and potassium are widely distributed in the earths crust, both of which are 2.5 ﹪. The main minerals include sodium feldspar Na [AlSi3O8], potassium feldspar K [AlSi3O8], halogen KCl. MgCl2.6 H2O and alum K2SO4. Al2 (SO4) 3.24 H2O. In seawater, the NaCl content is 2.7 and the plant ash contains potassium. The important mineral of lithium is Li2O. Al2O3. 4SiO2, lithium, rubidium and cesium are rare and dispersed in nature and are listed as rare metals. Preparation of 2. Because alkali metals are very reactive, they are generally used to electrolyze their melting compounds. Sodium and potassium are mainly produced by electrolytic molten chloride. Electrolytic fused sodium chloride is used to make metal sodium The raw material for electrolysis is the mixture of sodium chloride and calcium chloride. If with their electrolysis of sodium chloride not only need high temperature, and the electrolysis of sodium volatile (NaCl melting point is 1073 k, the boiling point of sodium is 1156 k), also easy to disperse in the molten salt, it is difficult to separate. If after the calcium chloride, can reduce the melting point of electrolyte (873 k) of mixed melting point, to prevent the volatilization of sodium, moreover can reduce the dispersion of sodium metal, because of the molten mixture density is larger than the metal sodium, sodium easy to float on it. Total reaction: 2NaCl = = 2Na + Cl2 Electrolysis of sodium contains about 1 % of calcium. Heat reduction process The methods of making metals include thermal reduction method, metal replacement method and thermal decomposition method. Thermal reduction method generally USES coke or carbide as reducing agent, for example: K2CO3 plus 2C is equal to 2K plus 3CO 2KF + CaC2 = = = CaF2 + 2K + 2C The metal substitution method Potassium, rubidium and