《天体物理前沿系列讲座》系列讲座1.pptVIP

Age of our solar system Method: radioactive dating of certain type meteorites, which has not been altered since its formation 238U ? 206Pb ?=4.47 Gyr 235U ? 207Pb ?=704 Myr Atom U replaces Zr in ZrSiO4 during formation of the mineral, which rejects Pb 235U/238U=1/137.88 Calcium-Aluminium Inclusion (CAI,钙铝包体) in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites(碳质球粒陨石). minerals: anorthite, melilite, perovskite, aluminous spinel, hibonite, calcic pyroxene, and forsterite-rich olivine ? 4562.8 Myr (Bouvier Wadhwa 2010 Nature Geoscience, 3, 637) 太阳系特征总结 主要质量集中在太阳(99.85%)，主要角动量在行星(99.5%) 除Pluto之外基本在一平面 轨道基本上是圆的，除了水星和Pluto之外 轨道方向和太阳自转方向一致 大部分行星的自转方向和轨道方向一致，但夹角分布广 在雪线外气体行星而在内岩石行星： 类木行星：低密、厚大气、转速快、多月亮、内部流体、富冰、H/He 类地行星：高密、薄或者没有大气、转动慢、岩石，穷冰和H/He 太阳系特征总结 月亮有二类：球对称规则天体直接轨道，和不规则偏心轨道 小行星主要分布在火星和木星之间主小行星带上，以岩石(硅酸盐)为主少量铁；另外Kuiper带天体，富冰 小行星分布不均匀,存在gap等结构 彗星短寿命，来源Oort星云和kuiper 带 太阳系形成于4562.8 Myr之前 Part 2: Dynamic Processes Zero order: sun’s gravity, closed orbits -- Keplerian motion orbital perturbations are important for long term evolution M: mass of central body m: mass of orbiting body r: distance of m from M mi: mass of disturbing body “i” ri: distance of mi from M Ri: disturbing function U: Gravitational potential Dependence on: mass of disturbing body proximity to disturbing body Orbital perturbations orbital elements Perturbations Third body Non-gravitational forces Non-spherical masses Long term effects Sources: Solar radiation Heating Precession: change in the orientation of the orbit Size, shape and orbital plane: change in (a,e,i) of the orbit Orbital perturbations: consequences Collisions Important in the early solar system Not only the result of perturbations Capture to orbit Important for giant planets Scattering of solar system objects Escape orbits Distant populations of small bodies Chaotic orbits Stable or unstable configurations: resonances What is a resonance? Integer relation between periods Periodic structu