仪表飞行员地面课程Lesson 3.ppt

More NDB Orientation (Intercepts) ADF Orientation (more advanced) NDB Arc Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) Combines the heading indicator (DG) with one or two bearing pointers Slaved to remote flux valve Used mainly for supporting navigation/orientation Useful for DME ARCS RMI cont. RMI Orientation Sierra Academy of Aeronautics IR Ground Lesson 3 ADF Nondirectional Radio Beacons (NDB’s) NDB’s transmit in the low/medium frequency range between 190 to 535 kHz NDB’s are not limited to line of sight NDB signals travel both as ground waves that penetrate obstacles and as sky waves that are refracted by the ionosphere Nondirectional Radio Beacons (NDB’s) Ground waves Sky waves NDB’s are grouped into 4 classes NDB aircraft components 2 antennas: Sense and Loop Automatic direction Finder (ADF) uses both antennas to determine relative position to NDB NDB aircraft components cont. Loop Antenna The loop antenna senses direction of the station but cannot determine whether the station is behind or ahead, or to the left or right. It breaks down all possibilities to 2. 360 or 180 270 or 90 020 or 200 Sense Antenna The sense antenna solves the ambiguity NDB aircraft components cont. The ADF receiver may have several function switches ADF: Operates as automatic direction finder using both antennas (normal mode) REC/ANT: Receiver provides maximum sensitivity to radio signals for improved audio and identifying capabilities BFO:Beat Frequency Oscillator for positive navigating outside the US Test: Offsets bearing pointer to verify free movement (Needle should return) NDB aircraft components cont. Typical older SIU ADF Indicator Receiver NDB ground components One variation of an NDB ground antenna ADF Limitations Mountainous Terrain Precipitation Static Thunderstorms Twilight Effect Shoreline Effect ADF Limitations cont. Mountainous terrain The signal can be reflected by irregular terrain ADF Limitations cont. Precipitation Static Wh