气象第一部分（Meteorological Part 1）.doc

气象第一部分（Meteorological Part 1） Chapter 1 marine hydrological and meteorological elements and their observations 1.1 atmospheric and oceanographic profiles I. General Situation of the atmosphere 1. composition of the atmosphere The entire air layer that surrounds the earths surface is called the atmosphere, or Atmosphere. The total mass of the atmosphere is 5.3 * 1021g, about one millionth of the mass of the earth, the earth hydrosphere in the quality of the 1/250. In the standard case, the dry air density near the ground is 1293g = m - 3. The atmosphere is made up of a mixture of gases. In addition, some suspended solids and liquid impurities are also included. We usually divide the composition of the atmosphere into three parts. 1) dry air The whole mixture of gases, except water vapor, liquid and solid impurities, is called dry clean air. It is a major part of the atmosphere. In the middle and lower layers of the atmosphere, its composition is almost constant. The percentage of the total volume of various gases is shown in table 1.1. Table 1.1 volume percentage of various gases in dry air Main gases: nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, ozone, etc. Percentage (%) 78.09, 20.95, 0.93, 0.03, 0.01 Dry air can be divided into two parts, the main component and the minor component, in accordance with the concentration of each component in the atmosphere. The main constituents are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide. The secondary constituents are hydrogen and other rare gases. Dry clean air according to the average residence time of each component, can be divided into quasi steady components and can be turned into two parts. Quasi steady is the main component of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and helium, inert gas micro neon, krypton and xenon. It can be divided into carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, ozone and so on. Although some of the gas content in the atmosphere is small, it has a great impact on climate change. Such as c