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secure spread-spectrum watermarking for telemedicine applications安全的远程医疗应用程序扩展频谱水印
Journal of Information Security, 2011, 2, 91-98
doi:10.4236/jis.2011.22009 Published Online April 2011 (/journal/jis)
Secure Spread-Spectrum Watermarking for Telemedicine
Applications
1 2 3 3
Basant Kumar , Harsh Vikram Singh , Surya Pal Singh , Anand Mohan
1
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
2Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, India
3Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Emails: singhbasant@
Received December 5, 2010; revised January 10, 2011; accepted April 12, 2011
Abstract
This paper presents a secure spread-spectrum watermarking algorithm for digital images in discrete wavelet
transform (DWT) domain. The algorithm is applied for embedding watermarks like patient identification/
source identification or doctors signature in binary image format into host digital radiological image for
potential telemedicine applications. Performance of the algorithm is analysed by varying the gain factor,
subband decomposition levels, size of watermark, wavelet filters and medical image modalities. Simulation
results show that the proposed method achieves higher security and robustness against various attacks.
Keywords: Watermarking, Spread-Spectrum, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Telemedicine
1. Introduction availability [8]. Confidentiality means that only author-
ized users hav
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