series solution of the multispecies lotka-volterra equations by means of the homotopy analysis method系列解决multispecies生态方程的同伦分析方法.pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Differential Equations and Nonlinear Mechanics Volume 2008, Article ID 816787, 14 pages doi:10.1155/2008/816787 Research Article Series Solution of the Multispecies Lotka-Volterra Equations by Means of the Homotopy Analysis Method A. Sami Bataineh, M. S. M. Noorani, and I. Hashim School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Tecnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to I. Hashim, ishak h@ukm.my Received 9 May 2008; Accepted 2 July 2008 Recommended by Yong Zhou The time evolution of the multispecies Lotka-Volterra system is investigated by the homotopy analysis method HAM. The continuous solution for the nonlinear system is given, which provides a convenient and straightforward approach to calculate the dynamics of the system. The HAM continuous solution generated by polynomial base functions is of comparable accuracy to the purely numerical fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The convergence theorem for the three-dimensional case is also given. Copyright q 2008 A. Sami Bataineh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1. Introduction The simplest model of predator-prey interactions was developed independently by Lotka 1 and Volterra 2. The classical two-dimensional Lotka-Volterra equation is given by dy1 ay − by y , 1 1 2 dt