为什么使用RNA作为中间物.PPT

Secondly, lac operon is also under control of positive regulation. Positive regulation is realized through CAP, the catabolite activator protein. It should be noted that just removing the lac repressor is not enough for transcription to take place. CAP is required to actively initiate transcription. CAP only activates transcription when glucose levels are low. 第二， lac操纵子也处于正调控之下，正调控是通过CAP，即代谢物激活蛋白来实现的。 应该注意到，仅仅去掉lac阻遏蛋白的阻遏还不足以使转录发生，还需要CAP主动地将RNA聚合酶召集到启动子的位置。CAP只有在葡萄糖水平低的情况下才会激活转录。 But CAP does not respond to glucose concentration directly. Instead, it binds to cAMP. The concentration of cAMP is inversely related with the concentration of glucose. That is, when glucose level is low, cAMP level is high; and when glucose level is high, cAMP level is low. CAP only attaches to the DNA and activates transcription when it binds cAMP. Here is a picture that shows the binding of cAMP-CAP complex with DNA. 但是CAP不能通过与葡萄糖直接结合而对葡萄糖的浓度发生响应，它是通过与cAMP这样的小分子结合而发挥作用的。cAMP的浓度与葡萄糖的浓度成反比，当葡萄糖浓度降低时，cAMP浓度上升；当葡萄糖浓度上升时，cAMP浓度变低。CAP只有在与cAMP结合后才能结合到DNA上并激活转录。这儿是一张显示cAMP-CAP复合体结合到DNA上的图片。 We can compare the lac operon to a car with a brake and an accelerator. Here, CAP is like “The accelerator” and lac repressor is like “The brake”. To drive the car, it is not enough to remove the brake; it is also necessary to press on the accelerator. Similarly, it is not enough to remove the lac repressor; it is also necessary to apply the CAP protein. 我们可以把lac操纵子比做一辆有刹车和油门的小汽车。在这里，CAP如同“加速器”，lac阻遏蛋白如同“刹车”。要开动这辆汽车，光松开刹车是没有用的，还应踩下油门。lac操纵子中的情形是一样的：仅仅移开lac阻遏蛋白是不够的，还必须有CAP蛋白的作用。 Now, let’s examine different conditions of sugar supply an E. coli cell may encounter. 1) When both glucose and lactose are present, the lac repressor is not able to bind to the promoter. But CAP is also not able to bind to DNA because of not forming a complex with cAMP. So the lac genes are not transcribed. 2) When glucose is present and lactose is absent, the lac repressor binds to the operator. At this time, CAP remains