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Carlet et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2012, 1:11 /content/1/1/11 EDITORIAL Open Access Ready for a world without antibiotics? The Pensières Antibiotic Resistance Call to Action 1* 2 3 4 5 3 Jean Carlet , Vincent Jarlier , Stephan Harbarth , Andreas Voss , Herman Goossens and Didier Pittet , for the Participants of the 3rd World Healthcare-Associated Infections Forum6 Abstract Resistance to antibiotics has increased dramatically over the past few years and has now reached a level that places future patients in real danger. Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are commensals and pathogens for humans and animals, have become increasingly resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. Moreover, in certain countries, they are also resistant to carbapenems and therefore susceptible only to tigecycline and colistin. Resistance is primarily attributed to the production of beta-lactamase genes located on mobile genetic elements, which facilitate their transfer between different species. In some rare cases, Gram- negative rods are resistant to virtually all known antibiotics. The causes are numerous, but the role of the overuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals is essential, as well as the transmission of these bacteria in both the hospital and the community, notably via the food chain, contaminated hands, and between animals and humans. In addition, there are very few new antibiotics in the pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacilli. The situation is slightly better for Gram-positive cocci as some potent and novel antibiotics have been made available in recent years. A strong and coordinated international