viscosity in modified gravity粘度在修改引力.pdfVIP

Entropy 2012, 14, 2302-2310; doi:10.3390/ OPEN ACCESS entropy ISSN 1099-4300 /journal/entropy Article Viscosity in Modified Gravity Iver Brevik Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; E-Mail: iver.h.brevik@ntnu.no; Tel.: +47-7359-3555; Fax: +47-7359-3491 Received: 19 October 2012; in revised form: 6 November 2012 / Accepted: 8 November 2012 / Published: 12 November 2012 Abstract: A bulk viscosity is introduced in the formalism of modified gravity. It is shown that, based on a natural scaling law for the viscosity, a simple solution can be found for quantities such as the Hubble parameter and the energy density. These solutions may incorporate a viscosity-induced Big Rip singularity. By introducing a phase transition in the cosmic fluid, the future singularity can nevertheless in principle be avoided. Keywords: modified gravity; cosmology; viscous cosmology 1. Introduction Modified gravity has become an active branch of modern cosmology, attempting to give a unified description of the early (inflationary) epoch of the universe and at the same time intending to account for the accelerated expansion at the later stages. Useful reviews on modified gravity theories can be found in [ 1–3]. Most treatises on modified gravity, as well as on standard gravity, assume the cosmic fluid to be ideal, i.e., non-viscous. From a hydrodynamicist’s point of view this is somewhat surprising, since there are several situations in fluid mechan