原创力文档the role of causal reasoning in understanding simpsons paradox, lords paradox, and the suppression effect covariate selection in the analysis of observational studies因果推理的作用在理解辛普森悖论,主的悖论,抑制效应协变量选择的分析观察性研究.pdfVIP
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the role of causal reasoning in understanding simpsons paradox, lords paradox, and the suppression effect covariate selection in the analysis of observational studies因果推理的作用在理解辛普森悖论,主的悖论,抑制效应协变量选择的分析观察性研究
Emerging Themes in BioMed Central
Commentary Open Access
The role of causal reasoning in understanding Simpsons paradox,
Lords paradox, and the suppression effect: covariate selection in
the analysis of observational studies
Onyebuchi A Arah1,2
Address: 1Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The
Netherlands and 2Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095-
1772, USA
Email: Onyebuchi A Arah - o.a.arah@amc.uva.nl
Published: 26 February 2008 Received: 6 February 2008
Accepted: 26 February 2008
Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2008, 5:5 doi:10.1186/1742-7622-5-5
This article is available from: /content/5/1/5
© 2008 Arah; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Tu et al present an analysis of the equivalence of three paradoxes, namely, Simpsons, Lords, and
the suppression phenomena. They conclude that all three simply reiterate the occurrence of a
change in the association of any two variables when a third variable is statistically controlled for.
This is not surprising because reversal or change in magnitude is common in conditional analysis.
At the heart of the phenomenon of change in magnitude, with
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