远谋与近虑的兼容.docVIP

远谋与近虑的兼容 　　【摘要】中国西南地区地连西北,东接中原,战略地位极为重要。康乾时期,这一地区各种政治力量相互交织,叛服无常,成了清朝内陆国防的隐忧。但由于国内政局未稳、边疆亦复多事,使得清前期西南施政决策经历了由康熙时期的“绥抚”之策,到雍乾时期大力推行政治军事改革的调整过程。这一决策调整最终为西南边防的稳定,实现祖国完全统一奠定了坚实的战略基础。 　　【关键词】西南地区;漠西蒙古;驱准保藏;土司制度 　　【作者】马国君,陕西师范大学西北历史环境与经济社会发展研究中心博士后。陕西,670072 　　【中图分类号】D691【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1004-454X(2010)03-0147-009 　　 　　The Consonance of Long-term Stratagem and Short-term Stratagem 　　――A Viewpoint on an Adjustment of Ruling Policy to Southwest of China 　　before and after “Expelling Zhun and Guarding Tibet” in Qing Dynasty 　　Ma Guojun 　　Abstract:The Southwest China connects with Northwest and Central Plains, its strategic position is very important. In the period of Kangxi and Qianlong, the various political forces of the region were intertwined. They sometimes rebelled, and sometimes were tamed. They became the hidden worries of national defense in Qing Dynasty. However, because of the instability of internal political situation, and the border events happening frequently, the policy to the Southwest was adjusted in early Qing dynasty, from the policy of pacification in Kangxi period to the policy of carrying out political and military reforms vigorously in Yongzheng and Qianglong periods. The adjustment established a substantial strategic foundation for the frontier stability of Southwest region and for the complete unification of the nation. 　　Key words:Southwest region; Mongolia of west desert; Expelling Zhun and guarding Tibet; Tusi system 　　 　　西南地区战略地位十分特殊,这一地区,北越秦岭,可以直取甘陕;中出长江,可以直通中原腹地;东南有滇黔驿路总干线,可以直出湖广。就战略地位而言,堪称拱卫中原之屏障所在。从元朝起,就引起了中央王朝的高度重视。明末清初,这一地区各种政治力量相互交织,外有漠西蒙古和硕特部盘踞川滇边境,内有土司、苗患。清朝建国伊始,鉴于中原局势未定,边疆亦复多事,对于那些归诚交印之土司,“化外生界”沿袭了“羁縻”之策,冀以稳定西南边疆。随着“三藩”叛乱的平定,台湾回归,原先与清廷结盟的西北漠西蒙古准噶尔部军事势力逐渐转变成为威胁清朝西部内陆边防的劲敌。为了解除西北边防的隐患,清廷除了积极正面进攻外,还加强了松潘至青海一线的防御,却忽视了漠西蒙古准噶尔部的战略冒险。漠西蒙古准噶尔部从新疆南部的和田出发,然后翻越荒芜人烟的昆仑山山脉,经后藏阿里,再趁机南下控制拉萨地方政府,伺机与川滇边境土司联盟,从而形成了准噶尔蒙古随时可能挺进川、滇、青的战略形势。再加上西南地方势力拥兵自重,一旦有警,局势岌岌可危,这一形势的转变迫使清朝统治者不得不厉行大规模的政治军事改革。改革调整成功后,不仅解除了漠西蒙古和硕特部、准噶尔部、各地方势力的军事威胁,而且还收到了强化朝廷在西南边