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* * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Properties of Binary Operations（二元运算的性质） For all elements a, b, and c in A Commutative(可交换的) a*b = b*a Associative(可结合的) a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c Idempotent(幂等的) a*a = a * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Commutative –可交换的 A binary operation on a set A is said to be commutative if a*b = b*a for all elements a and b in A. Example: The binary operation of addition on Z The binary operation of subtraction on Z. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Commutative A binary operation that is described by a table is commutative if and on1y if The entries in the table are symmetric with respect to the main diagonal. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Example 12 Which of the fol1owing binary operations on A = {a, b, c, d} are commutative? * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Associative – 可结合的 A binary operation * on a set A is said to be associative if a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c for all elements a, b, and c in A. Example: The binary operation of addition on Z The binary operation of subtraction on Z 2-(3-5)?(2-3)-5. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Example 15 Let L be a lattice. The binary operation defined by a*b = a?b is commutative and associative. It also satisfies the idempotent property a?a = a. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Example 16 Let * be a binary operation on a set A, and suppose that * satisfies the following properties for any a, b, and c in A: a = a*a a*b = b*a a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c Define a relation ? on A by a ? b if and only if a = a*b. Show that (A, ?) is a poset, and for all a, b in A, GLB(a, b ) = a*b. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Example 16: Solution We must show that ? is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive. a*b = a?b for all a and b in A. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT ? is reflexive a ? b if and only if a = a*b Since a = a*a, a ? a for all a in A, and ? is