Planning 计划.ppt

Importance of Plan 计划的重要性 Planning determines where the organization is now and where it will be in the future. 计划指出组织现在与未来的目标。 Good planning provides: 优秀的计划应具有以下特点 Participation 参与性 Sense of direction and purpose 明确的方向和目标 Coordination 协调性 Control 可控性 Types of Plan 计划的类型 Time horizon 时间范围 specificity horizon 具体、指导性计划 Frequency of use horizon 程序范围 breadth horizon 组织层次范围 Specificity horizon 明确范围 Directional plan:flexible plans that set out general guidelines. 指导性计划：一种灵活性的总体指导方针 。 Specific plan:plans that are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation 具体计划：一种明确规定的、不容更改的计划。 指令性 Time horizon 时间范围 Long-term plans are usually 5 years or more. 长期计划，5年以上的计划。 Intermediate-term plans are 1 to 5 years. 中期计划，1-5年的计划 Short-term plans are less than 1 year. 短期计划，1年以内的计划 Most firms have a rolling planning cycle to amend plans constantly. 很多公司应用滚动计划随时对计划及性调整。 Program Horizon 程序范围 Standing plans: for programmed decisions. 程序性计划：通过程序性决策制定的计划 Managers develop policies, rules, and standard operating procedures (SOP). 管理者制定政策、规则和操作标准——都属于程序性计划 Single-use plans: developed for a one-time, non-programmed issue. 非程序性计划：针对非程序性问题制定的一次性计划。 Level Horizon 层次范围 Corporate-level: decisions by top managers. 公司层计划：有高层管理者制定的计划 Business-level: details divisional long-term goals and structure. 事业层计划： Functional-level: actions taken by managers in departments of manufacturing, marketing, etc. 职能层计划：由部门管理者执行的生产、销售活动计划 Planning at General Electric 通用公司的计划 Planning Process 计划过程 Determining Mission 确定组织使命 Organizational mission: defined in the mission statement which is a broad declaration of the overriding purpose. 组织使命：是在组织使命陈述中确定的，一种组织最终目标的宣言。 The mission statement identifies product, customers and how the firm differs from competitors. 使命陈述确定产品、顾客以及与其他竞争者的区别。 Mission Statements 使命陈述 Strategy Formulation 战略制定 Formulating strategy: managers analyze current situation and develop strategies needed to achieve the mission. 管理者通过分析当前形势，制定组织战略以实现目标 SWOT analy