脊髓病、肌病、周围神经病见习.ppt

neuroanatomy 神经系统常用的术语 神经系活动的方式 脊 髓 内 部 结 构 分区 中央管 灰质 gray matter 白质 white matter 网状结构 reticular formation 脊髓的功能 1. 传导功能 感觉 脊髓 脑 脑 脊髓 躯干四肢运动，大部分内脏运动 2. 反射功能 躯体反射 内脏反射 内囊病变可出现哪些临床症状？ RMP Resting membrane potential  AP Action potential Ion channel Types of Channels Channel gating: – How does it work? Transmembrane a-helix #4 is the voltage sensor. In this amphipathic a-helix, every 3rd residue is Lys or Arg. Intervening residues are hydrophobic. Types of Synapses Electrical Synapses Structure of Electrical Synapse Freeze-Fracture EM of Synapse Receptor’s View of the Presynaptic Terminal Temporal summation Summary Neurons are functional and structural units of nervous system. Ion channel is the structural basis of bio-electrical signaling production. Ion channel may be gated or non-gated. Gated channels are divided into voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels. Voltage-gated ion channels consist of four homologous domains each with six а-helical segments (S1-S6) that traverse the membrane. The positively charged S4 segments are involved in activation. The p segment loop interposed between segments S5 and S6 is thought to associated with channel selectivity. In voltage-gated sodium channel, Channel inactivation is by a ball and chain mechanism. Signaling between nerve cells occurs via synapse. Synapse may be electrical or chemical. The vast majoryty of synapse are chemical. The arrival of an action potential triggered the influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. Then neurotransmitter is released from the nerve terminal. After crossing the cleft, transmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors. Receptor activation cause postsynaptic potential (PSP). EPSP vs. IPSP EPSP vs. IPSP Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) cation-selective channels (Na+ and K+) ligand-gated: nicotinic, 5-HT3, AMPA, NMDA mechano-sensitive channels Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) Cl- selective channels ligand-