高级动物生理学4Gastrointestinal_Physiology_and_Metabolism.pptVIP

Proteins are digested by a variety of luminal-phase enzymes. Membranous-phase digestive enzymes are a structural part of the intestinal surface membrane. Membranous-phase digestion occurs within the microenvironment of the unstirred water layer, intestinal mucus, and glycocalyx. A specific membranous-phase enzyme exists for the digestion of each type of polysaccharide. Complete digestion of peptides to free amino acids takes place both on the enterocyte surface and within the cells. Intestinal Absorption Specialized nutrient transport systems exist in the apical and basolateral membranes. Secondary and tertiary active transport mechanism utilize the transcellular sodium ion electrochemical gradient as their source of energy. Passive transport occurs either through ion channels in cell membranes or directly through the tight junctions. The products of membranous-phase digestion are absorbed by sodium co-transport. Absorption of Water and Electrolytes There are at least 3 distinct mechanisms of sodium absorption. There are 3 major mechanisms of chloride absorption. Bicarbonate ion is secreted by several digestive glands and must be recovered from the gut if body acid-base balance is to be maintained. Potassium is absorbed primarily by passive diffusion through the paracellular route. The major mechanisms of electrolyte absorption are selectively distributed along the gut. All intestinal water absorption is passive, occurring because of the absorption of osmotically active solutes. Gastrointestinal Blood Flow Water and solute movement between the lateral spaces and villous capillaries is subject to the same forces that govern water and solute movement between the extracellular and vascular fluids in other tissues. Absorbed nutrients enter the capillaries by diffusion from the lateral spaces. Disturbances in the venous drainage from the intestine can greatly affect the mechanisms of capillary absorption in the villi. Digestion and Absorption of Fats Detergent action as