系统解剖学精品教学（复旦大学）3.脑干121205.pptVIP

中枢神经系统 郑黎明 复旦大学上海医学院 解剖与组织胚胎学系 lmzheng@shmu.edu.cn 神经系统区分 Classification of Nervous System 神经系统的发生Development of the Nervous System The central nervous system (CNS) appears at the beginning of the third week as a slipper-shaped plate of thickened ectoderm, the neural plate, in the middorsal region in front of the primitive node. Its lateral edges soon elevate to form the neural folds. 神经系统的发生 Development of the Nervous System The neural folds continue to elevate, approach each other in the midline, and finally fuse, forming the neural tube. Fusion begins in the cervical region and proceeds in cephalic and caudal directions. The nervous system is in connection with the amniotic cavity through the cranial and caudal neuropores. 神经系统的发生 Development of the Nervous System Neural Crest Cells during elevation of the neural plate, a group of cells appears along each edge (the crest) of the neural folds. These neural crest cells are ectodermal in origin and extend throughout the length of the neural tube. Crest cells migrate laterally and give rise to sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) of the spinal nerves and other cell types. 神经系统的发生 Development of the Nervous System In addition to forming sensory ganglia, cells of the neural crest differentiate into sympathetic neuroblasts, Schwann cells, pigment cells, odontoblasts, meninges, and mesenchyme of the pharyngeal arches. 脑Brain or Encephalon 脑的生长Brain Growth 脑干Brain Stem 位置 脊髓和间脑之间； 颅后窝枕骨大孔与鞍背之间的 斜坡； 背面为小脑； 延髓、脑桥和小脑之间为第四脑室。 中脑 midbrain 分部 脑桥 pons 延髓 medulla oblongata 脑干Brain Stem 脑干的内部结构Internal Structure of the Brain Stem 脑干的内部结构 蜗腹侧核 前庭神经核 蜗背侧核 前庭蜗神经核 特殊躯体感觉核 内侧丘系 感觉接替核团： 薄束核、楔束核 灰质 脑神经核 Ⅲ～Ⅻ对，7类6柱，由内向外，不连续 感觉接替核团：薄束核、楔束核 白质 网状结构 脑室系统 皮质下中枢核团 下橄榄核 脑桥核、上橄榄核 上丘、下丘、红核、黑质、顶盖前区 前索 后索 侧索 上行纤维束 下行纤维束 固有束 按位置 按功能 脊髓白质 下行纤维束： 皮质核束 皮质脊髓侧束 皮质脊髓束 （锥体交叉） 皮质脊髓前束 上行纤维束 内侧丘系（丘系交叉） 脊髓小脑后束：小脑下脚 脊丘系 三叉丘系 外侧丘系：听觉 锥体系 （锥体束） 红核脊髓束 顶盖脊髓束 前庭脊髓束 网状脊髓束 其他 橄榄小脑束 脊髓小脑前束：小脑上脚