欧洲文化入门第八章.ppt

European Culture：An Introduction Division Eight Marxism and Darwinism Marxism and Darwinism The Rise of Marxism Darwinism General Introduction Marxism was born in the 19th century from European culture. It was linked to a great intellectual tradition extending into the 18th century French Enlightenment, German post-Kantian philosophy, English classical political economy, and early 19th century European socialism. Historical Background The Industrial Revolution beginning in the 18th century in Britain resulted the rapid development of modern capitalism as well as the growth of the working class as a powerful independent political force. the first economic crisis occurred in the 1820s. the industrial growth and class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie strengthened the organization of the working class. The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism a. German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy i. Hegelian dialectics 黑格尔辩证法 ii. Feuerbach’s materialism 费尔巴哈唯物论 iii. Marxist philosophy马克思主义哲学 iv. Marxist historical materialism马克思历史唯物论 b. English Classical political Economy and Marxist Political Economy Capital 资本论is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics. c. Utopian Socialism空想社会主义 and Scientific Socialism科学社会主义 The representatives of the utopian socialists were the following three thinkers. i. Robert Owen欧文 ii. Henri de Saint-Simon圣西门 iii. Charles Fourier傅立叶 Max and Engels developed utopian socialism to scientific socialism. they declared that socialism would be realized through class struggle, and that only the proletariat was a really revolutionary class. The sketch of historical evolution: I. Mediaeval Society II. Capitalist Revolution III. Proletarian Revolution Marx and Literature Literature, for Marx, is not simply a means of expression; it is also a means of self-constitution. To Marx, works of literature are products, authors are products, and literature cannot remain unaffected by the modes of prod