16栅格数据_16_.ppt

Global Operations The whole raster layer Euclidean distance Weighted distance Analysis options Generic raster operations Local, focal, zonal, global Specific raster operations Density calculations, surface generation, surface analysis Raster Operations: Specific Density Count per area Surface generation IDW Sugar Example Spline Kriging Surface analysis Slope Aspect Hillshade Santa Ynez Example Viewshed Contour Raster Operations: Distance Straight-line Distance Direction Allocation Cost-weighted Shortest path Raster Operations: Statistics Scope Cell Neighborhood Shape Zonal Zone layer Zonal statistics example Type Majority, minority Maximum, minimum Sum, range Mean, std. deviation Median, variety Raster Calculator Single-line algebraic expression Objects: grids and rasters Actions: operators and functions Qualifiers: action parameters Result appended to map as temporary dataset “Make Permanent” to save Raster Calculator: Math Mathematical operators Arithmetic Boolean Relational Mathematical functions Logarithmic Arithmetic Trigonometric Power Arithmetic Operators: Example [raster1] + [raster2] * * * * * * * * * Resolution Raster GIS compression lossless lossy run-length encoding replace values by (multiple, value) pair works best when number of distinct values is low not well for a DEM lossless MrSID JPEG progressive transmission Raster Data Formats Most raster formats are digital image formats. Most GISs accept TIF, GIF, JPEG or encapsulated PostScript, which are not georeferenced. DEMs are true raster data formats. Types of Raster Data Satellite images (e.g landsat 1-3 used MSS w/ 79mx79m pixels (value =light en. reflected/emitted from Earth surface) Landsat 4 uses TM scanner w/ 30mx30m Landsat 7 uses Enhance TM+ w/ 30mx30m NOAA’s POES uses AVHRR w/1.1kmx1.1km resol. For LULC France, India, Japan also have sat. programs Image processing software (ERDAS, ER