有机化学 英文 讲义 chapter 24.ppt

24.1 Introduction and classification of carbohydrates d. Lactose (乳糖) Homework for Chapter 24: Page: 1138~1141, 823 Problems: 21.29, 24.28, 24.32, 24.36, 24.43, 24.44 D2 cp47 cp43 LHC II QA Fe Cytb559 P680 2H2O QB Phe D1 (Mn) 4 7.3 ? TyrZ A. Zouni, H.T. Witt, J. Kern, P. Fromme, N. Krauss, W. Saenger, P. Orth, Nature 2001, 739-743. X-ray crystal structure with resolution 3.8? Photosystem II oxygenase electron- donor electron- acceptor photosensitiser O2+ 4H+ + 4e * General formula: Cx(H2O)y Simple carbohydrates—sugars or saccharides (糖) The suffix of the names of most sugars—“-ose”, e.g. glucose, sucrose, maltose (malted milk) Carbohydrates are synthesized in green plants by photosynthesis: Chapter 24 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates can be returned to CO2, H2O and energy by metabolism in the bodies of living beings. Carbohydrates can be divided into 3 categories: 1) Monosaccharides—The simplest carbohydrates which cannot be hydrolyzed into even smaller carbohydrates. D-glucose D-fructose D-ribose D-arabinose D-mannose D-galactose 葡萄糖 aldohexose 果糖 ketohexose 核糖 aldopentose 阿拉伯糖 甘露糖 半乳糖 (2) Oligosaccharides which can be hydrolyzed to form 2 to 20 molecules of monosaccharides. Bi, tri, tetra,…-saccharides. Bisaccharides: e.g. sucrose(蔗糖), maltose(麦芽糖), lactose(乳糖) and cellobiose(纤维二糖) (3) Polysaccharides which can be hydralyzed to form more than 20 molecules of monosaccharide. Polysacchrides: e.g. starch(淀粉) and cellulose(纤维糖) 24.2~24.4 Classification and structures of monosaccharides Classification ◆ First, by the number of carbon atoms presenting in the molecule, e.g. triose C3, tetrose C4, pentose C5, hexose C6 ……. ◆ Second, by whether they contain an aldehyde or a keto group. A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group is called an aldose (醛糖), and the one containing a keto group is called a ketose (酮糖). b. D and L