分子生物学--Transcription Reg in Eukayotic.ppt

Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes How eukaryotes to achieve precise controls @ the transcription level remains to be an open question Promoter level Enhancer level Chromatin level OverviewThe Class II Promoter – the basal machinery Overviewthe Chromatin structure Activator proteins To decondense chromatin To assemble RNA pol II and general transcription factors (GTFs) on promoters Repressor proteins to condense chromatin To inhibit RNA polII GTFs from interacting with promoters. T/C overview Response elements may be located in promoters or enhancers. Each response element is recognized by a specific transcription factor (complex). A promoter may have many response elements, which may activate transcription independently or in certain combinations. T/C overview The combination of regulatory promoter elements for each gene is unique of its own (together with the high specificity of regulatory proteins) to accomplish a finely tuned regulation of turning on or off a gene very very specifically. Enhancer elements for even-skipped Protein factors for T/C Does activation depend on the particular DNA-binding domain? Domain swap experiment Common features of transcription factors bind specifically to DNA sites Some factors modulate transcription by protein-protein interaction, modulators or co-factors Activates or represses transcription. DNA-binding domains The helix-turn-helix domain The zinc finger domain The basic domain 2. Bacteriophage DNA-binding proteins such as the phage λ cro repressor, lac and trp repressors, and cAMP receptor protein, CRP. The zinc finger motif A zinc finger is a loop of ~23 amino acids that protrudes from a zinc-binding site formed by His and Cys amino acids. A zinc finger protein usually has multiple zinc fingers. The C-terminal part of each finger forms an a-helix that bind one turn of the major groove of DNA. Some zinc finger proteins bind RNA instead of or as well as DNA. SP1 transcription factor is a zin