Chapter 5-22The friction factor chart 天大化工原理上册英文版教材.pptVIP

7. The friction factor chart;2;Laminar flow Buffer Turbulence Complete turbulence （完全湍流区,阻力平方区）;Laminar flow;Complete turbulent flow:;8;10. Nonisothermal flow; f = f ’ / Ψ For Re2,100: ;Viscous dissipation ;11. Turbulent flow in noncircular channels;5.4 FRICTION FROM CHANGES IN VELOCITY OR DIRECTION;3. Effect of fittings and valves 4. Form friction losses in the Bernoulli equation 5. Velocity heads 6. Separation from velocity decrease 7. Minimizing expansion and contraction losses ;1. Friction loss from sudden expansion of cross section;The friction loss from a sudden expansion of cross section ;According to the steady-flow momentum-balance equation (4.42), and the Bernoulli equation (4.62), we can get ;2. Friction loss from sudden contraction of cross section;The friction loss from sudden contraction ;By experiment, For laminar flow, ;3. Effect of fittings and valves;: average velocity in pipe leading to fitting ;Or use the concept of equivalent length 当量长度;24;4. Form friction losses in the Bernoulli equation;The skin friction loss in the straight tube is ;The total friction is ;5. Velocity heads;6. Separation from velocity decrease;The point s is called a separation point. Line sA is called the line of zero tangential velocity. ;7. Minimizing expansion and contraction losses;5.5 Design of piping system ;1. Compound pipes in series;Solution (a) Use Eq. ;The maximum allowable velocity must be found by trial. ;EXAMPLE 5.2. Crude oil having a specific gravity of 0.93 and a viscosity of 4 cP is draining by gravity from the bottom of a tank. The depth of liquid above the drawoff connection in the tank is 6 m. The line from the drawoff is 3-in. Schedule 40 pipe. Its length is 45 m, and it contains one elbow and two gate valves. The oil discharges into the atmosphere 9 m below the drawoff connection of the tank. What flow rate, in cubic meters per hour, can be expected through the line?;Upstream---liquid surface of the tank Downstream---outlet of the discharge