抗生素耐药性的担忧（英文PPT）Concernsof antibiotics resistance in .pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * The high rates of sensitivity to antimicrobial agents that were found may be explained by the low consumption of antibiotics, resulting in low selection pressure. Antibiotic use is not monitored in Russia, but a comparatively low level of antibiotics use has been reported. Consumption of antibiotics in Norway remains low. In Bosnia and Erzegovina the intensive usage of ampicillin and co-trimoxazole during the war period might have contributed to their high resistance rates. Similar situation was reported in Serbia. In poor and underdeveloped countries, where health organizations donate large amounts of antibiotics to treat many diseases, overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was notably high, reflecting irrational and inordinate use of antimicrobial agents. The Question is Have all microorganisms, responsible for UTI, become more resistant Are there any differences between European Countries Why has this happened Are there any solutions The major recommendations were as follows: Increased efforts are needed to reduce the spread of resistant strains both in the environment and in hospitals—these include improved hygiene and decreased use of some antimicrobials. (ii) Surveillance of resistance is a key factor and improved technology (e.g. IT systems) is needed to improve the potential for surveillance data to inform clinical practice. (iii) Rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostics are urgently needed and the issue of reimbursement needs to be addressed. (iv) More accurate estimates of the cost-efficacy of using anti-infectives and diagnostics are urgently needed. (v) Vaccine technology is available but is underused for the prevention of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by organisms resistant to antimicrobials. (vi) Incentives are required to encourage large pharmaceutical companies to partner small biotechnology companies, which are more innovative and have the potential to deliver the new d