抗生素英文课件精品Antimicrobial Resistance（AMR）.pptVIP

Dr. Geeta Shakya Director, NPHL, Teku World Health Day 7th April, 2011 Antimicrobial Resistance(AMR) One of the major challenges facing public health in this century a threat to current and future medical advances Bigger problem in developing countries like Nepal Spreading across countries and regions resulting increased cost of treatment increased morbidity and mortality Constraints Often, the use of practical guidelines in the management of key infectious diseases in the developing world is hampered by the lack of reliable antimicrobial surveillance data When minimum requirements of AMR surveillance are met, data obtained from Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) are of great importance to provide more effective therapy and minimize treatment failure Resistance is accelerated through inappropriate use of antimicrobials Standard treatment guidelines not provided to physicians or provided but not adhered to Drugs available without prescription Accessible but poor quality Inadequate monitoring Irrational self-administration or prescription Antimicrobial resistance What is antimicrobial resistance ? Unresponsiveness to antimicrobial agents in standard doses A natural biological unstoppable phenomenon May be inherent resistance or acquired resistance Resistance is generally slow to reverse or irreversible Resistance develops through: ?gene action (mutation) ?plasmid exchange between bacteria of the same species. All antimicrobial agents have the potential to select drug-resistant subpopulations of microorganisms Importance of AMR Surveillance Antibiotics are valuable and most utilized therapeutic agents for life saving Emergence of multi-drug resistance has limited therapeutic options Need for the development of newer drugs frequently which is very costly In vitro Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is the mainstay for monitoring therapy and detecting resistance Reporting of AMR data is necessary for: selection of em