无菌术课件_2.pptVIP

无 菌 术 Introduction Early civilizations practiced salting, smoking, pickling, drying, and exposure of food and clothing to sunlight to control microbial growth. Use of spices in cooking was to mask taste of spoiled food. Some spices prevented spoilage. In mid 1800s Semmelweiss and Lister helped developed aseptic techniques to prevent contamination of surgical wounds. 1867年 Lister 石炭酸溶液预防伤口感染 无菌术的范畴 灭菌 Sterilization: Killing or removing all forms of microbial life (including endospores) in a material or an object. Commercial Sterilization: Heat treatment that kills endospores of Clostridium botulinum the causative agent of botulism, in canned food. 、 无菌术的范畴 抗菌 Disinfection: Reducing the number of pathogenic microorganisms to the point where they no longer cause diseases. Usually involves the removal of vegetative or non-endospore forming pathogens. Disinfectant: Applied to inanimate objects Antiseptic: Applied to living tissue (antisepsis). Degerming: Mechanical removal of most microbes in a limited area. Example: Alcohol swab on skin. Sanitization: Use of chemical agent on food-handling equipment to meet public health standards and minimize chances of disease transmission. E.g: Hot soap water. 无菌术的范畴 预防院内感染 Nosocomial infections Sepsis: Comes from Greek for decay or putrid. Indicates bacterial contamination. Asepsis: Absence of significant contamination. Aseptic techniques are used to prevent contamination of surgical instruments, medical personnel, and the patient during surgery. Aseptic techniques are also used to prevent bacterial contamination in food industry. 外科无菌术 是针对感染来源所采取的预防措施,由机械性除菌法、灭菌法、抗菌法和一定的操作规则及管理制度组成。 是以预防手术伤口感染为主,是各种手术、穿刺、注射、插管、换药等过程中必须遵守的原则和应用方法。 外源性沾染 直接接触 空气飞沫 内源性沾染 肠道 1. Number of Microbes: The more microbes present, the more time it takes to eliminate population. 2. Type of Microbes: Endospores are very difficult to destroy. Vegetative pathogens vary widely in susceptibility to different metho