英语语言学chapter_2_Phnology.pptVIP

Suprasegmental features — stress, tone, intonation Definition: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. Stress word stress: Word stress can distinguish meaning: `import and im`port,` increase and in`crease; record,insult survey ,present… in compound words: “`blackbird” and “black `bird”; “`dining-room” and “?sleep?ing baby” Compound words phrases ‘Green house green ‘house ‘Hotdog hot ‘dog ‘White house white ‘house Reading room sleeping baby Sewing- machine swimming fish Swimming-pool sentence stress: relative force given to the components of a sentence. In a sentence, stressed parts of speech: nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals and demonstrative pronouns; unstressed categories: articles, personal pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions and conjunctions. For emphatic purpose, unstressed words can also be stressed An ′ English teacher :a teacher who teaches English An English ′ teacher :a teacher from England We ??heard Mary sing. We heard ??Mary sing. Tone Pitch variations which can distinguish meanings like phonemes. English is not a tone language but Chinese is a typical tone language. Change of tone can certainly change the meaning. Level rise fall-rise fall Ma 妈　　麻　　　马　　骂 阴平　阳平　上升　去升 Intonation Pitch, stress and sound length tied to sentence rather than an individual word. Four basic types of intonation: falling tone:matter of fact statement rising tone:makes a question of what is said fall-rise tone:implied meaning (encouragement) rise-fall tone:indicate genuine felling of one’s speech. . Intonation can distinguish meaning No. Word-final /v/ becomes a nasal before a nasal; Word-final lenis fricatives become fortis before an initial fortis consonant; * Phonetics 2. Phonology 2.1 The phonic medium of language Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language. 2.2 P