Solutions umledu解决的方案 umledu.pptVIP

Solutions Solution Concentration Although molarity (M) is used for stoichiometry calculations, there are many other ways to express the concentration of a solution. Molarity will vary slightly with changes in temperature as the volume expands or contracts. Units such as mass percent, mole fraction, or molarity remain constant as temperature changes. Solution Concentration Mass percent = (mass of solute) (100%) (mass of solution) Mole fraction (XA) = (moles of A) total # of moles Molality (m) = moles of solute kg of solvent The Solution Process We will focus on solid or liquid solutes dissolved in a liquid solvent. Since all particles are in contact with each other, the solute-solute and solvent-solvent forces of attraction are disrupted, and new, solute-solvent forces of attraction are created. The Solution Process The disruption of solute-solute and solvent-solvent forces of attraction requires energy, and is endothermic. The interaction of solvent and solute usually releases energy. The sum of the energy of all three steps is called the enthalpy of solution, ΔHosoln. Note that solutions may form whether the net process is endothermic or exothermic. The Solution Process The Solution Process The general rule on solution formation is: Like dissolves like. Polar and ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents. Non-polar compounds dissolve in non-polar solvents. Like Dissolves Like Vitamin A consists almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen, and is non-polar. As a result, vitamin A is fat-soluble, and can be stored in the body. Like Dissolves Like Vitamin C contains polar C-O and O-H bonds. It is water soluble, and must be consumed often, as it is excreted easily. The Solution Process In addition to the enthalpy of solution, we must also consider the entropy of mixing. Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder. An increase in entropy makes a process more likely to occur. Since mixing pure substances incr