条件式虚拟语气及其变体探究.docVIP

条件式虚拟语气及其变体探究 　　摘 要：条件式虚拟语气是虚拟语气的基本形式，也是学习虚拟语气的入口，但其各种变体结构多样，不易掌握。本文阐释了条件式虚拟语气及其变体并再现了它们在试题中的应用，以期有效地服务于英语教学和考试。 　　关键词：虚拟语气 if从句 条件变体 　　 　　英语语法学习的难点在动词，动词的难点之一是语气，语气难在“虚拟”。虚拟语气主要用来表示与事实相反的主观假设或难以实现的主观愿望，这一功能的实现依赖于谓语部分动词形式的变化。在虚拟语气的各种形式中，条件式结构较固定、趋于公式化，易于学习，但其各种变体结构多变、形式多样，考试常考，学生常错。“常考”只因虚拟在人们生活中必不可少，“常错”只缘不识变体真面目。 　　 　　一、条件式虚拟语气的构成及类别 　　 　　条件式虚拟语气由if引导的非真实性条件从句即虚拟条件句加上主句构成，为了表达虚拟含义，从句和主句谓语部分的动词形式都要作相对固定的变化。由于人们面对的时段只有三个：现在、过去和将来，因此，条件式虚拟语气也相应地分为三种类型，构成如下： 　　 　　 　　示例： 　　（1）If I had the chance, I would have a sleepless night. 　　如果我有这个机会，我会失眠。（事实是，我没这样的机会。） 　　If I were you, I would give it up. 　　如果我是你的话，我会放弃。（事实是，我不是你。） 　　（2）If I had seen you in the street yesterday, I would have said “hello” to you. 　　如果我昨天在街上看到你的话，我当然要打招呼。（事实是，我没看到你。） 　　If they had known the truth at that time, they would have fought with each other. 　　如果他们当时了解真相，就会打起来。（事实是，幸亏他们当时不了解真相。） 　　（3）If I got/should/were to get the information tomorrow, I should let you know first. 　　如果我明天能得到消息的话，我会第一个让你知道。（事实是，我不大可能得到消息。） 　　If the earth stopped/ should/were to stop spinning tomorrow, what would happen? 　　如果明天地球停止转动，那会发生什么情况？（事实是，明天地球不会停止转动。） 　　 　　二、条件式虚拟语气的各种变体 　　 　　1.倒装式。如果条件从句谓语部分含有should，were或had，常省略if，并将should，were或had提至句首引起倒装。如： 　　Should it rain (If it should rain), we could not go out for camping. 　　Were I in his place (If I were in his place),I might think differently. 　　Had he recognized me (If he had recognized me), he would have come over. 　　2. 替代式。有时虚拟条件句不用if从句表示，而是通过介词、介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、抽象名词、并列句或上下文等形式表示出来，这种情况也称含蓄条件句。这类词语常见的有with, without, but, but for, but that, given more time, given that, or, or else, otherwise, unless, supposing等。如： 　　With your help (=if you had helped me), I might have done it better. 　　Without electricity (=if there were no electricity), human life would be quite different today. 　　He would have helped me, but he was so lazy (=if he had not been so lazy). 　　But for the storm (=if it had not been for the storm), we should have arrived ea