到达地面的太阳辐射.PPTVIP

Environmental Temperature Crop Production Soil temperature Soil temperature is an important environmental factor in plant growth and distribution. In comparison to air temperature, the amplitude of variation in soil surface temperature is much more pronounced because of the varying characteristics and composition of soil. Factors Affecting Soil Temperature Aspect and slope: These factors are of great importance in determining soil temperature outside the tropics. In the Northern Hemisphere, a south-facing slope is always warmer than a north-facing slope or a level plain. The reverse is the case in the Southern Hemisphere. The difference in soil surface temperature exceeds the difference in air temperature. AIR TEMPERATURE Air temperature is the most important climatic variable that affects plant life. The growth of higher plants is restricted to a temperature between 0 and 60℃, and crop plants are further restricted to a narrower range of 10 to 40 ℃. However, each species and variety of plants and each age group of plants has its own upper and lower temperature limits. Beyond these limits, a plant becomes considerably damaged and may even be killed. It is therefore the amplitude of variations in temperature, rather than its mean value, that is more important to plant growth. 一、影响水层温度变化的因素 1）水的热容量；2）水是半透明体； 3）水面蒸发耗热；4）水是流体。 二、水面温度的日变化和年变化 水体温度的日、年变化与下垫面净辐射的日、年变化有关。 1、日变化：一日中，Tmax 在15～16时，Tmin在日出后2～3时。 中纬度水温日较差，湖面为2～5℃、洋面为0.2～0.3 ℃ 2、年变化：一年中，北半球中、高纬度地区， Tmax在8月，Tmin 在2～3月。水面温度的年较差也小于土壤表面。 另外，水面温度的年较差可传到100～150m深处，最高、最低温度 出现的时间，大约是每深入60m落后一个月。 §2.3 水层温度 §2.4 空气温度及其变化 1、气温日变化：空气温度在一昼夜的连续变化。 ⑴ 最高温：地方时14－15时。 ⑵ 最低温：日出前后 ⑶ 日较差：一日中最高温度与最低温度之差。 纬度、季节、地形、天气状况、海陆分布 同上 ↑ 晴阴 凹平凸 ↑ 年较差 深色土 浅色土 干土 湿土 裸地 植被 沙土 黏土 ↑ 晴阴 凹平凸 夏冬 ↓ 日较差 下垫面性质 距海距离↑ 天气 地 形 季节 纬度↑ 影响因子 ⑴ 最高温：7、8月 ⑵ 最低温：1、2月 ⑶ 年较差：一年内最热月平均气温与最冷月平均气温之差。 2、气温年变化 3、气温的非周期性变化 大规模的空气水平移动引起。 如“倒春寒”、“秋老虎