历史地理类阅读理解题剖析.docVIP

历史地理类阅读理解题剖析 　　历史地理类文章一般涉及某个国家、地区、河流、山脉、海洋、城镇等的地理位置以及与之相关的社会生活、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗、文化遗产、环境保护等方面的情况，相当一部分文章还附有图表以供理解或选择。文章选材来源于某些国家的名胜或历史事件；命题以细节题为主，有一定的主观推断题，涉及一定的地理常识或历史知识。 　　阅读史地类 　　阅读史地类文章时，要重点弄清楚各个地名、人名之间的相互关系和各个国家、地区或城镇之间的地理方位。 　　例1 2015年高考湖南卷B 　　In its early history， Chicago had floods frequently， especially in the spring， making the streets so muddy that people， horses， and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this： A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help， he replies， “No， thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me.” 　　The city planner decided to build an underground drainage （排水） system， but there simply wasn’t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city. 　　An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced me the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city’s streets by as much as 12 feet. 　　This of course created a new problem： dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice： either change the first floors of their buildings into basements， and the second stories into main floors， or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large， heavy structures like Tremont Hotel， which was a six-story brick building？ 　　That’s where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel， Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews （螺旋千斤顶） beneath the building’s foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time， thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingl