环境贸易壁垒法律问题分析-国际法学专业论文.docxVIP

摘 要 随着世界经济一体化的不断发展，国际贸易对环境的影响越来越大，贸易 与环境的关系问题成为国际上讨论的热点问题，环境贸易壁垒是两者之间关系 最主要的表现形式。环境贸易壁垒是指以保护人类、动植物以及环境的健康和 安全为理由而采取的限制甚至禁止某些进出口贸易的法律、法规、标准、标志 和措施，包括国际法和国内法中的“环境限制条款”、“环境例外条款”、“环境 措旌”、“环保性技术措施”等。关贸总协定对环境贸易壁垒做了一些规定，但 其运用受到严格的限制。世界贸易组织的许多协议舰定了环境贸易壁垒，其中 经常被引用作为环境贸易壁垒依据的是1994年《关税与贸易总协定》的第20 条第2款、第7款。本文发现：在环境贸易壁垒问题上，世界贸易组织日益采 取积极开放的念度。在没有对法律条文进行修改的情况下，这种态度的转变主 要是通过争端解决机构的专家组和上诉机构的法律解释来实现的。由于世界贸 易组织协议对环境贸易壁垒的法律规定十分粗疏，导致对专家解释的依赖，而 由于环境贸易壁垒所具有的技术性强的特点，导致发达国家在环境贸易壁垒上 的“话语霸权”，使环境贸易壁垒在世界贸易组织内不断被强化：一方面，专家 倾向于对世贸组织协议中环境贸易壁垒的法律规定进行扩张式的解释：另一方 面，其他国际环境条约规定的环境贸易壁垒通过专家的解释被引入世界贸易组 织加以审视。由于发达国家是主要的环境贸易壁垒设立国，环境贸易壁垒的强 化将威胁到发展中国家的贸易自由化利益。 关键词：贸易环境非关税壁垒环境贸易壁垒  With the development of economic globalization，international trade is bringing more and more impact upon the environment，making the issue of interaction between trade and the environment a hot topic of the world．Environment trade barrier has been a major form of such interaction．Environment trade barrier(ETB) refers to laws，regulations,standards，symbols or other measures，in the forms of environmental limitation clause，environmental escape clause，environmental measure or environmental technical measures and etc．．that are developed to limit or, in some extreme cases，prohibR international trade for the purposes of guaranteeing health and safety of human,plants and animals as well as the environment．In GATT, though a strict attitude is adopted toward ETBs，some clauses were designed to address such measures．ETB measures afc stated in various agreements of WTO． among them the Article XX(b)and(曲of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade are most frequently cited clauses．Its found in this paper that，as far as ETB is concerned，WTO adopts a far more active and open attitude than its precedent，the GATF．Such shift，while no major change is made to text of Article XX(b)and(酌 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade，is achieved through legal interpretation of expert panel and appellate body of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB)in WTO