课件：中枢神经系统.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * Functions of Glutamatergic neurons Glutamatergic neurons and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus are important in the creation of long-term potentiation (LTP), a crucial component in the formation of memory. Cortical neurons use Glu as the major excitatory neurotransmitter. Excess stimulation of glutamatergic receptors, as seen in seizures or stroke, can lead to unregulated Ca++ influx and neuronal damage. Decreased glutamatergic function is thought to be involved in the creation of psychotic symptoms. Phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine can induce psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Brain noradrenergic pathways Cell bodies locate in 1. locus ceruleus (LC) 2. pons and medulla (reticular formation, RF ) (Medial forebrain bundle) (nucleus tractus solitarius ) It is suggested that NA play an important role in arousal and the reward system. Depression results from a functional deficiency of NA in certain parts of the brain, while mania results from an excess. However, this has been challenged by findings which suggests a more prominent role to serotonin (5-HT) in relation to mood. Noradrenergic functions Nigrostriatal pathway (黑质纹状体通路) 2. Mesolimic pathway (中脑边缘通路) 3. Mesocortical pathway (中脑皮层通路) 4. Tuberohypophyseal pathway (arcuate nucleus to pituitary gland) (结节漏斗通路) Brain dopaminergic pathways Mesocortical pathway Tuberohypophyseal pathway 1 2 3 4 D1 receptor family includes D1 and D5 （stimulation）while the D2 receptor family includes D2, D3 and D4 (inhibition). Motor control (nigrostriatal system): Parkinson’s Disease is associated with a deficiency of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Extrapyramidal effects usually accompany DA2 receptor blockade (e.g chlorpromazine). Behavioral effects: an excess of dopaminergic activity is associated with schizophrenia and produces stereotyped behaviour patterns, and can be produced by dopamine-releasing agents (e.g amphetamine) or dopamine agonists (e.g apomorphi